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【经典长存】十大经典反乌托邦作品
The dictionary defines a dystopia as a state in which the conditions of life are extremely bad as from deprivation or oppression or terror. These scenarios have been the inspiration for countless novels and movies. They reflect our darkest fears and sometimes, actual elements in the modern world.字典上对“反乌托邦”的定义是：一个生存条件极差，充满剥削、压迫和恐怖的国家。这些设定催生了无数小说和电影。它们不仅反映了我们内心深处的恐惧，有时也反映了现代世界的真实环境。
THX 1138电子迷宫
George Lucas made his name with Star Wars but many film lovers cite this cult movie from 1971 as his masterpiece. It was his directorial debut on a feature length film and he also co-wrote the screenplay. The movie is set in the 25th century and the totalitarian authorities use mind-controlling drugs, which suppress emotion and sexual desire, to sedate the populace. Robert Duvall stars as THX 1138, a production worker, who dreams of freedom. The loss of personal identity and individual liberty are the powerful themes.乔治·卢卡斯的成名作是《星球大战》系列电影，但是不少电影爱好者认为他在1971年拍摄的邪典电影《电子迷宫》才是他的代表作。这部电影是他的导演处女作，他同时也参与了剧本的创作。电影的背景是25世纪，极权政府通过抑制情感和性欲的精神控制药物来镇压人民。罗伯特·杜瓦尔在片中扮演渴望自由的生产工人THX 1138。电影的主题是个人身份和自由的丧失。
The Handmaid’s Tale使女的故事
Canadian author, Margaret Atwood, created a feminist interpretation of dystopia in her 1985 novel. The Republic of Gilead, is the post-nuclear setting in which a military coup follows a revolution. The result is a chauvinist, totalitarian state. There is a population crisis owing to mass infertility and women who are able to breed are forced to be concubines, (or handmaidens). The story has been adapted as a film and a stage play, as well as for radio.加拿大作家玛格丽特·阿特伍德创作于1985年的小说《使女的故事》是对反乌托邦的女权主义诠释。故事的舞台是核战争后的Gilead共和国，革命导致了军事政变，最终带来了一个沙文主义极权政府。饥荒导致了人口危机，正是生育年龄的女人只能去做有妇之夫的情妇，或者使女。这部小说曾被改编成电影、舞台剧和广播剧。
Fahrenheit 451华氏451
Ugly scenes of book burning in Nazi Germany are recalled in Ray Bradbury’s novel from 1953. In this future American society, the population is monitored for any signs of freethinking. The chief character, Guy Montag, is a fireman, which means someone assigned to burn books. Fahrenheit 451 is the temperature at which book paper ignites. Montag begins to question the morality of his job and finds others who want to rebel. Francois Truffaut directed the 1966 movie based on the novel.雷·布拉德伯里在他创作于1953年的小说《华氏451》中重现了纳粹军队焚烧书籍的可怕场面。在他笔下的未来美国社会，人民被严密监视，思想自由被禁止，小说的主角Guy Montag是一名消防员，他的工作不是救火，而是烧书。华氏451度即是纸张的燃点。Montag逐渐开始质疑自己工作的正当性，并且找到了其他试图反抗的人。这部小说曾在1966年被改编成电影，由Francois Truffaut执导。
The Terminator终结者
This film, released in 1984, was a low budget enterprise that became a hugely successful franchise with three sequels. Directed by James Cameron, it starred Arnold Schwarzenegger as The Terminator, a cyborg assassin sent back from the year 2029. The post-apocalyptic Los Angeles of the future is ruled by a race of computer-controlled machines that want to wipe out the human race. The Terminator’s mission is to kill Sarah Connor because her yet to be born son, John is destined to lead a human rebellion against the machines. It’s a cautionary tale of humans versus technology in a popular action film.1984年上映的电影《终结者》是一部小成本影片，却取得了巨大的成功，并拍摄了三部续集。这部电影由詹姆斯·卡梅隆执导，阿诺德·施瓦辛格出演主角“终结者”——一个来自2029年的机器人杀手。电影中后启示录时代的未来洛杉矶由想要消灭人类的机器人统治，“终结者”的任务就是要杀死名为莎拉·康纳的人类女性，因为她未出世的儿子命中注定要成为领导人类反抗机器人的领袖。可以说这部电影在动作片的外表之下包含着一个“人类对抗技术”的警世故事。
Metropolis大都会
Although this German made, silent film dates from 1927, the special effects still impress today’s audiences. Fritz Lang directed in the German Expressionist style, using a blend of Art Deco buildings and futuristic designs to show the city of Metropolis. The year is 2026 and society is divided into two groups. The thinkers live in comfort on the surface whilst the workers live in terrible conditions, underground. Metropolis had an enormous influence on future science fiction films. The heart of the story is a human one however, as workers and bosses are in conflict, reflecting the moral questions of capitalist societies.尽管这部德国产的无声电影诞生于久远的1927年，它依然能对今日的观众产生深刻的影响。导演弗里茨·朗在电影中运用了德国表现主义手法，将装饰派建筑同未来派设计糅合在一起。电影中的故事发生于2026年，社会分为两个阶层：“思想者”住在地面上，环境舒适，工人们却生活在条件恶劣的地下。《大都会》对后来的科幻电影产生了巨大的影响。故事的中心是人类，但正如电影中工人和老板的冲突一样，反映了资本主义社会的道德问题。
Clockwork Orange发条橙
The Anthony Burgess novel from 1962 is one of the most controversial ever published. Set in a near future England, Alex and his friends, known as droogs, are a thuggish gang obsessed with rape and violence. The story prompts the question, should mind control be a part of rehabilitation for offenders? Stanley Kubrick’s film adaptation was released ten years later, continuing the controversy.安东尼·伯吉斯创作于1962年的《发条橙》可算是史上最具争议的小说之一。故事发生在近未来的英国，小混混亚历克斯和他的朋友们谋财害命，沉迷于强奸和暴力。故事提出了一个问题：在改造罪犯的过程中可以使用精神控制吗？小说发表的十年之后，由史坦利·库布里克执导的电影版《发条橙》上映了，将这一争议一直延续下去。
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?/Blade Runner机器人会梦见电子羊吗？/银翼杀手
The Philip K. Dick penned novel from 1968 led to the famous movie adaptation, Blade Runner, released in 1982. It’s a post-apocalyptic society in which androids perform menial jobs. The main character is Rick Deckard, a bounty hunter whose task is to recapture androids that have taken on a human identity. Ridley Scott directed the visually inventive film, starring Harrison Ford and Rutger Hauer. The story makes us question the place of technology in our lives and what it means to be a human being with emotions.菲利普·K·迪克于1968年创作的小说《机器人会梦见电子羊吗？》在1982年被改编成了著名电影《银翼杀手》。故事的背景是一个后启示录时代的社会，机器人承担了各种体力劳动。故事的主角瑞克·戴克是个赏金猎人，他的任务是追捕把自己当成了人类的机器人。这部在视觉效果上颇有创造性的电影由雷德利·斯科特导演，哈里森·福特和鲁特格尔·哈尔主演。这个故事让我们不得不思考技术在我们生活中的地位，以及“做一个有感情的人类”究竟意味着什么。
The Trial审判
To be arrested and put on trial and not to be told what crime you are accused of is a nightmare vision. This is the plot, which Franz Kafka, featured in his 1925 novel. The protagonist, Josef K, is unable to stop his life spinning out of control. He is a respectable, senior bank clerk. What crime has he committed? It’s a touchstone in literature for every regime that uses internment without trial and imprisonment without charge.被抓起来审判，却不告诉你犯了什么罪——这无疑是个噩梦。而这正是弗兰茨·卡夫卡创作于1925年的小说《审判》中的情节。故事的主角，约瑟夫·K，眼睁睁地看着自己的生活逐渐失控。他本是一位受人尊敬的银行职员。他何罪之有？这部小说如今已成为检验一个政府是否惯于将人无故拘留、无罪下狱的试金石。
Brave New World美丽新世界
Aldous Huxley set his novel, published in 1932, in London in the 25th century. The World State produces test tube babies, which are socially engineered to fit into one of five castes in order to determine their status in life, from managers to manual laborers. This is a world dedicated to pleasure and shopping and its citizens’ moods are controlled by Soma, a hallucinogenic drug. Henry Ford, the pioneer of the modern assembly line, is worshiped as a god. Huxley’s story is a warning against a hedonistic society with no moral basis.阿道司·赫胥黎发表于1932年的小说《美丽新世界》的背景是25世纪的伦敦。世界联邦批量“生产”着试管婴儿，并将他们人为“塑造”得适合五个社会阶层中的一个，从而决定了他们的社会地位——一些人成为管理者，另一些人则只能做体力劳动。这是一个享乐至上的社会，人们的情绪都由一种叫做“Soma”的致幻剂控制。现代化生产线的创造者亨利·福特则被奉若神明。赫胥黎的故事是对一个没有道德底线的享乐主义社会的警告。
Nineteen Eighty-Four一九八四
George Orwell’s 1949 novel made such an impact, that it became a byword for dystopia. References from the book, particularly ‘Big Brother’, are part of our language. In this imagined future, London is part of a super state known as Oceania. The news is controlled by the repressive regime and the central character of Winston Smith is a civil servant whose job involves falsifying official information. Adaptations include a 1954 BBC television play, a 1956 film and a 1984 film.乔治·奥威尔发表于1949年的小说《1984》给世界带来了巨大的冲击，以至于“1984”已经成为了“反乌托邦”的代名词。书中的隐喻，如“老大哥”等，已经成为了我们日常语言的一部分。在奥威尔想象的未来，伦敦属于一个超级大国——大洋国。在这里，新闻舆论受到了严格的控制。故事的主角温斯顿·史密斯是一名公务员，他的工作就是捏造各种“官方消息”。这部小说有好几个影视改编版，包括BBC拍摄于1954年的电视剧，一部拍摄于1956年的电影和一部拍摄于1984年的电影。
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