能用英语介绍下梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂(Basilica di San ...

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San Pietro in Vincoli (Saint Peter in Chains) is a Roman Catholic titular church and minor basilica in Rome, Italy, best known for being the home of Michelangelo's statue of Moses, part of the tomb of Pope Julius II.

Also known as the Basilica Eudoxiana, it was first rebuilt on older foundations[1] in 432–440 to house the relic of the chains that bound Saint Peter when he was imprisoned in Jerusalem, the episode called the Liberation of Saint Peter. The Empress Eudoxia(wife of Emperor Valentinian III), who received them as a gift from her mother, Aelia Eudocia, consort of Valentinian II, presented the chains to Pope Leo I. Aelia Eudocia had received these chains as a gift from Iuvenalis, bishop of Jerusalem.

According to legend, when Leo, while he compared them to the chains of St. Peter's final imprisonment in the Mamertine Prisonin Rome, the two chains miraculously fused together.[2] The chains are kept in a reliquary under the main altar in the basilica.

The basilica, consecrated in 439 by Sixtus III, has undergone several restorations, among them a restoration by Pope Adrian I, and further work in the eleventh century. From 1471 to 1503, in which year he was elected Pope Julius II, Cardinal Della Rovere, the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, effected notable rebuilding. The front portico, attributed to Baccio Pontelli, was added in 1475. The cloister (1493–1503) has been attributed to Giuliano da Sangallo. Further work was done at the beginning of the 18th century, under Francesco Fontana, and there was also a renovation in 1875.

The Titulus S. Petri ad vincula was assigned on 20 November 2010, to Donald Wuerl. The previous Cardinal Priest of the basilica was Pío Laghi, who died on 11 January 2009.

Two popes were elected in this church : Pope John II in 533 and Pope Gregory VII in 1073.

Next to the church is hosted the Faculty of Engineering of La Sapienza University. This is named "San Pietro in Vincoli" per antonomasia. The church is located on the Oppian Hill near Cavour metro station, a short distance from the Colosseum.

The interior has a nave and two aisles, with three apses divided by antiqueDoric columns. The aisles are surmounted by cross-vaults, while the nave has an 18th century coffered ceiling, frescoed in the center by Giovanni Battista Parodi, portraying the Miracle of the Chains (1706).

Michelangelo's Moses (completed in 1515), while originally intended as part of a massive 47-statue, free-standing funeral monument for Pope Julius II, became the centerpiece of the Pope's funeral monument and tomb in this, the church of della Rovere family. Moses is depicted with horns, connoting "the radiance of the Lord", due to the similarity in the Hebrew words for "beams of light" and "horns". This kind of iconographic symbolism was common in early sacred art, and for an artist horns are easier to sculpt than rays of light.

Other works of art include two canvases of Saint Augustine and St. Margaret by Guercino, the monument ofCardinal Girolamo Agucchi designed by Domenichino, who is also the painter of a sacristy fresco depicting theLiberation of St. Peter (1604). The altarpiece on the first chapel to the left is a Deposition by Cristoforo Roncalli. The tomb of Cardinal Nicholas of Kues (d 1464), with its relief, Cardinal Nicholas before St Peter, is by Andrea Bregno. Painter and sculptor Antonio Pollaiuolo is buried at the left side of the entrance. He is the Florentine sculptor who added the figures of Romulus and Remus to the sculpture of the Capitoline Wolf on the Capitol.[3] The tomb of Cardinal Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini, decorated with imagery of the Grim Reaper, is also in the church.

In 1876 archeologists discovered the tombs of those once believed to be the seven Maccabean martyrs depicted in 2 Maccabees 7–41.[4] It is highly unlikely that these are in fact the Jewish martyrs that had offered their lives in Jerusalem. They are remembered each year on 1 August, the same day as the miracle of the fusing of the two chains.

18th century fresco, The Miracle of the Chains in the center of the coffered ceiling by Giovanni Battista Parodi (1706).

The third altar in the left aisle holds a mosaic of Saint Sebastian from the seventh century. This mosaic is related to an outbreak of plague inPavia, in northern Italy. It would only stop if an altar was built for St. Sebastian in the church of S. Pietro in Vincoli in that city. Somehow this story also became accepted in Rome. Hence the altar.

其他类似问题

问题1：求梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂的英文介绍,要英文![英语科目]

The fact, alone, that the great and truly unique Basilica of St. Peter's in Vatican faces out on this square wonld make it perhaps the most widely known of Roman piaz-zas. But above and beyond this, the space itself merits at-tention for its size (an enormous ellipse whose greatest di-ameter measures 240 m.) and the brilliant project by Gian Lorenzo Bernini whose scope was that of singling out this square from all others throngh the use of the imposing porticoes.

These porticoes are arranged in semicircles along the short sides of the square and consist of four parallel rows of Tuscan-Doric columns which provide a choice of three paths. Above the canonic entablature are 140 colossal statues of Saints, as well as the insignia of the patron pope, Alexander VII. At the center of the square, the plain obelisk, flanked by two fountains, stands at the crossing of the two diameters of the ellipse. Termed " aguglia " (needle) in the Middle Ages, the obelisk came from Heliopolis and was brought to Rome by the em-peror Caligula, and set on the spina of Nero's Circus,which is where St. Peter's in Vatican now stands. Throughout the various phases of restoration, destruc-tion, and reconstruction, the " aguglia " stayed next to the Basilica and was not set up at the center of the square until 1586 by Domenico Fontana, who also saw to the en-ginecring aspect of the undertaking.

The other architect, Carlo Fontana, designed the left-handiountain in Piazza San Pietro, built in 1677 as a pendant to the one on the right designed by Carlo Maderno about fifty years earli-er. A curious fact concerning the obelisk mentioned above is that it was used, or was believed to have been used in the Middle Ages, as a reliquary for the ashes of Caesar, and then (up to now) for a fragment of the Holy Cross.

问题2：求圣彼得大教堂的英文简介 ...谢谢[英语科目]

Saint Peter's Basilica

The International Church of Milan is a Bible believing English language fellowship established by men and women seeking to know God and to make Him known.We exist to love,to trust and to make God’s truth known.We love the Lord with all we’ve got – heart,soul,mind and strength – and love others as Christ loves us.We trust Him as our salvation,our provider,and the One who works in us to make us like Him.We teach the truth of God as we find it in His Word,to as many as we possibly can.St.Peter's of Rome Commentary

"St.Peter's,the most magnificent church in Christendom and the fruit of many talents,soars triumphantly above the Vatican Hill.For nearly 150 years,a succession of popes entertained the idea of glorifying the shrine of their patron saint."

"The medal by Caradosso (1506) and the partial plan drawn by Bramante (in the Uffizi,Florence),probably represent the earliest stage of the design,before the difficulties appeared which obliged the architect and his successors to propose,and in some cases implement,numerous changes.These changes related not only to the general conception of the plan—first a Greek cross,then a Latin one—but also to the plan of the transepts,which at one time were to have ambulatories; to the role of the Orders,first purely decorative (Bramante),then structural (Raphael,Michelangelo); and to the construction and shape of the dome,first with a single masonry shell (Bramante),then a double one (Sangallo,Michelangelo).The piers at the crossing,which were intended to support the dome,were one of the biggest problems; too slender in Bramante's plan,they were frequently reinforced...In the 17th century further important modifications were made by Bernini when he created the great colonnade that encircles the Piazza San Pietro."

问题3：梵蒂冈有圣彼得大教堂吗?还有什么?

这里有世界最大的天主教堂—圣彼得大教堂,有驰名世界、“价与天齐”收藏丰富的梵蒂冈博物馆.

有!

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国名: 梵蒂冈城国(The Vatican City State,Statodellà Cittàdel Vatican).

面积:0.44平方公里. 与天安门广场一样大.

国徽：即教皇徽,是梵蒂冈.

人口:1380人,常住人口仅540人.主要是意大利人.

官方语言：为意大利语和拉丁语.

宗教：信奉天主教.

货币单位：欧元,里拉

国际电话区号：379.

首都:梵蒂冈城(Cittàdel Vaticano).

国花：白百合

国旗： 呈正方形,由金黄色和银白色两个竖长方形组成.传说金黄和银白两色是耶稣12门徒之一圣彼得的两把钥匙的颜色.右侧的白色旗地中,绘有教皇保罗六世的皇徽.

国徽：即教皇徽,是梵蒂冈城国的标志.为盾徽.盾面为红色,其上有两把交叉着的钥匙和一顶罗马教皇的三重冠冕.红色在历史上曾是天主教教堂的颜色；金黄色和银白色的两把钥匙传说是基督给圣彼得（《圣经》中耶稣十二门徒之一）的,象征把天上和地上的一切权力都交给他；三重冠是主教冠和人间的皇冠结合产生的.罗马教皇自称是基督在世上的代表,教皇又是梵蒂冈的首脑,有最高的立法、司法和行政权,所以皇冠为三重.

教皇：

约瑟夫·拉青格,2005年4月当选第265任天主教罗马教皇,称为本笃十六世.

自然地理

面积0.44平方公里,是世界上最小的国家,是欧洲一个独立的主权国家.同时也是全世界天主教的中心——以教皇为首的罗马教廷的所在地.位于意大利首都罗马城西北角的梵蒂冈高地上.领土包括圣彼得广场、圣彼得大教堂、梵蒂冈宫和梵蒂冈博物馆等.国土大致呈三角形,除位于城东南的圣彼得广场外,三面都有城墙环绕.它地处台伯河右岸,以四周城墙为国界.属亚热带地中海型气候.

简言之,梵蒂冈城,是梵蒂冈的首都,亦即国家,故曰“城国”.

历史

梵蒂冈在拉丁语中意为“先知之地”.梵蒂冈原为中世纪教皇国的中心.公元4世纪开始,罗马城主教利用罗马帝国的衰亡,乘机掠夺土地,6世纪时获得罗马城的实际统治权,称为“教皇”.

早在公元4世纪,教皇康斯坦丁就在罗马城西北角耶稣门徒圣彼得殉难处建立了康斯坦丁大教堂以志纪念.到了15至16世纪,康斯坦丁大教堂被改建成如今的圣彼得堡教堂,成为天主教会举行最隆重仪式的场所.

公元756年,法兰克国王丕平把罗马城及其周围的区域送给教皇（教会史上称为“丕平献土”）,后来成为西欧教会和政治生活的中心,在意大利境内成立了以罗马为首都的教皇国,直辖领土面积达4万平方公里以上.

1870年8月,罗马爆发了反抗教皇政权的人民起义,意大利国王进驻罗马,意大利完成统一,教皇权力被剥夺,并被迫退居罗马城内西北角梵蒂冈.

1929年2月11日,意大利政府同教皇庇护十一世签订了“拉特兰条约”,意大利承认梵蒂冈为主权国家,其主权属教皇.规定从同年7月起成为独立的城市国家.国名全称就叫梵蒂冈城国.梵蒂冈为中立国,其国土神圣不可侵犯.

政治

梵蒂冈是一个政教合一的神权国家.教皇是国家元首,也是全世界天主教的精神领袖.教皇集行政、立法、司法三权于一身.教皇自称“基督在世代表”,是世界天主教徒的精神领袖.教皇由红衣主教2／3多数选出,终身任职.红衣主教团是教皇的咨询机构.教皇的选举是梵蒂冈神圣而庄严的事情.由于教皇的任职是终身制,新任教皇的选举均在前任教皇去世后才慎重举行.新任教皇必须得到2／3以上的选票才能当选.

梵蒂冈的国徽集中说明了教皇在城国的地位.国徽的图案是：两把交叉着的天国钥匙,托着教皇登基时的帽子.这种称作“三重冠”的帽子,有上中下三层,象征着教皇拥有的神权、立法权和司法权.关于“神权”,当时在西方是封建专制的灵魂,和东方的“皇帝”起一样的作用.

在梵蒂冈,一切权力集中于教皇,迷信教皇,把他奉若神明,也要迷信神职人员.教皇自称为“基督在世代表”,教皇任职是终身的,但不能世袭.教皇死后,有红衣主教团以三分之二的多数选票选出新教皇.届时,各国红衣主教都奔赴梵蒂冈,聚集在西斯廷小教堂,在与外界隔绝的情况下进行选举.如264任教皇约翰·保罗二世是1978年10月16日当选的.他原是波兰人,原名卡罗尔·沃依蒂瓦,他是四个半世纪以来第一个非意大利人教皇,登基后不久,他便为意大利的科学家伽利略平反昭雪,指出17世纪30年代宗教裁判所对伽利略的审判“不公正”.

生产生活

梵蒂冈实质上是坐落在意大利境内的“国中之国”,和其他所有国家不同的是,这个国家境内没有田野,没有农业,没有工业,没有矿产资源.国民的生产生活必需品,譬如自来水、电力、食品、燃料、煤气等统统由意大利供给.梵蒂冈建有火车站,通过862米长的铁路联结罗马城内.这个国家没有工农业生产,也没有军队,仅有一支人员寥寥无几的警卫在负责国家的安全工作和保卫教皇的安全及参加宗教仪式.

“麻雀虽小,五脏俱全.”梵蒂冈有它自己的一整套机构和部门.教皇的咨询机构是红衣主教团,由红衣主教、副主教和神父共145名组成.梵蒂冈和近161个国家建立了外交关系,是世界各国天主教会的领导中心.教皇下设有教廷国务卿并设有10个圣部,每个圣部负责处理一项宗教专门任务.此外还有秘书处、法庭、专门办公室等.

有自己的货币、邮政、电讯、民政机构.在许多国家有大量的土地和投资,又有大量黄金和外汇储备,是一个庞大的国际金融托拉斯.境内有圣彼得大教堂、梵蒂冈宫等宫廷建筑,内有米开朗琪罗的壁画；梵蒂冈博物馆、图书馆与美术馆藏有中世纪和文艺复兴时期以来的珍贵文物和艺术作品.

梵蒂冈的运输系统是一个小型系统,没有机场和高速公路,只有一个直升机场（被使用为首脑官员参观梵蒂冈情况）罗马向梵蒂冈提供第二个机场服务.

经济

这里有世界最大的天主教堂—圣彼得大教堂,有驰名世界、“价与天齐”收藏丰富的梵蒂冈博物馆,教皇官邸拉特兰宫,绿草如茵的后花园,有自己的货币.1980年财政的公开收入,旅游、邮票收入200亿里拉,占总收入3%；不动产的收入110万里拉,占2%；特别财产的利息收入600亿里拉,占9%；宗教事业银行利上交2700亿里拉,占40%,向教皇赠送的贡款900亿里拉,占13%；教施舍款2250亿里拉,占33%.梵蒂冈的货币与意大利的里拉通用.

梵蒂冈有自己国家的邮政、电讯系统,设有国际信息通讯社和梵蒂冈广播电台.广播电台建成于1957年,它的电台每天24小时以36种语言向全世界各地广播.梵蒂冈有自己的报纸《罗马观察家报》、杂志《教廷文汇》月刊,每年还出版《教廷年鉴》.它是世界上唯一的讲拉丁语的国家.它在世界上100多个国家和地区派驻有“圣使”、“代理圣使”和“相当宗教代表”.“圣使”相当于大使,“代理圣使”相当于公使,“宗教代表”则仅仅是教皇的宗教代表,在法律上不执行外交职权.梵蒂冈在联合国等国际组织也派有常驻观察员.世界上有80多个国家和地区在罗马派有驻梵蒂冈的使节.通过他们控制驻在国天主教教士的活动,并参加国际政治、经济活动.

尤其值得一提的是,梵蒂冈还是一个大的国际金融托拉斯.它在意大利和许多国家巨额的投资和大量的房地产,有“国际金融帝国”之称.据西方报刊估计,梵蒂冈在北美和西欧国家的投资历高达几百亿美元,它的黄金和外储备超过100亿美元.美国的摩根财团是梵蒂冈资产的最大代理人.梵蒂冈的财产状况素不公布,银行业务极端保密.它有三个经济组织：一是梵蒂冈银行,又称宗教事务银行,主要负责梵蒂冈的金融事务,直接对教皇负责,并接受红衣主教都督委员监督.该行成立于1942年,净资产约30-40亿美元,与世界上200多家银行有业务往来.二是梵蒂冈城国的教皇委员会,负责经营梵蒂冈电台、铁路、邮政电讯和其他机构.三是罗马教皇资产管理处,下分一般部门和特别部门.一般部门主要掌管在意大利的动产和不动产,净资产近20亿美元.据估计,梵蒂冈在意大利拥有40多万公顷土地.梵蒂冈资本渗透到意大利银行信贷系统,以及电气、化学、冶金、纺织、食品等工业部门.特别部门具有投资公司的性质,它在北美和欧洲许多国家拥有股票、债券和不动产约有6亿美元.

按他们的商务礼俗,容易为他们爽快的作风所昧而疏于防范,可是,他们是绝对不马虎的.当地人在饮食上,对面食的吃法挺讲究,拜会一定事先预约.宜穿三件式的西装.时间十分宝贵,约会最宜订在一大早或午餐后一两个小时内.对人热情友善,重视礼貌,表现客气.

梵蒂冈的艺术杰作,主要集中在圣彼得广场、圣彼得教堂、梵蒂冈博物馆和西斯廷小教堂.

外交

梵蒂冈同161个国家和地区有正式外交关系,在联合国设常驻观察员.

与中国关系：梵蒂冈与中国无外交关系.

梵蒂冈与中国关系是很微妙的.据说将会有重大突破.

梵蒂冈是不多的和台湾保持外交关系的重要国家,而且在它的影响下,很多保守的天主教国家也与台湾保持外交关系.

这次教皇的葬礼就邀请了台湾领导人,而大陆一直就和梵蒂冈有着重大的分歧,主要是在教会的组织方面,中国坚持不让梵蒂冈插手.另外,也与中国的宗教政策比较特殊有关.

不过,梵蒂冈近年来虽然在社会观念上仍然坚持保守的观点,比如反对节育和堕胎,在政治观点上趋于开放,因此,很多观察家认为,新教皇上台后,将放弃和台湾的关系,而转向中国大陆,毕竟在中国大陆有着近5000万的教徒（据说）.

值得注意的是,在20多年前,当教皇刚刚上台的时候,全世界70％的天主教徒在欧洲,而现在60％的教徒在亚非拉,特别是在非洲.因此新教皇的选举,将很大程度上决定于来自亚非拉的主教们,据说巴西的主教希望非常大.

不管怎么,中国政府已经表示,愿意和梵蒂冈发展友好关系,只要梵蒂冈坚持一个中国的立场.

梵蒂冈广播电台 （Vatican Radio）

罗马天主教廷创办的国际宗教广播电台,1931年2月从梵蒂冈城播出,1939年正式设立,是教皇和世界各地天主教徒联系的纽带,世界上最早开办的的宗教性国际广播电台.1997年时使用33种语言对世界各地广播,短波发射机最大功率500千瓦.该台以传播天主教教义、转播圣彼得教堂的弥撒、报道教皇和罗马教廷的活动为主要内容.音乐节目以古典音乐为主,从60年代末起,增加了为青年教徒播送有宗教内容的流行音乐.经费来自宗教团体和个人自愿捐赠.

问题4：谁能介绍下梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂(Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano),

教堂最初是由君士坦丁大帝于西元326-333年在圣彼得墓地上修建的,称老圣彼得大教堂,于西元326年落成,为巴西利卡式建筑.16世纪,教皇朱利奥二世决定重建圣彼得大教堂,并于1506年破土动工.在长达120年的重建过程中,意大利最优秀的建筑师布拉曼特、米开朗琪罗、德拉·波尔塔和卡洛·马泰尔相继主持过设计和施工,直到1626年11月18日才正式宣告落成,称新圣彼得大教堂.1870年以来的重要宗教仪式均在此举行.为文艺复兴式和巴洛克式建筑风格,属世界最大的教堂.

　　两千年前的简单墓地,四百年后修建了一座长方形会堂,后来毁于战乱,一千年后尼古拉五世颁发重建命令,之后就是长达120年的重建,先后由意大利最优秀的建筑师住持设计施工,布拉曼特来了,米开朗琪罗来了,德拉·波尔塔来了,卡洛·马泰尔也来了.1626年11月18日正式宣告落成,一脸肃穆的教皇乌尔班八世主持落成典礼.

圣彼得大教堂的建筑风格具有明显的文艺复兴时期提倡的古典主义形式,主要特征是罗马式的圆顶穹窿和希腊式的石柱式及平的过梁相结合.

　　圣彼得大教堂是一座长方形的教堂,整栋建筑呈现出一个希腊十字架的结构,造型是非常传统而神圣的,这同时也是目前全世界最大的一座教堂.教堂内部金碧辉煌,光线幽暗,神秘莫测,用大理石砌筑而成,里面的所有画像都是用不同颜色大理石拼接成图,工程十分浩大,因不允许使用三脚架和闪光灯拍摄.

从整体意义上讲,1626年完工的圣彼得大教堂应该说只是教堂的一个外壳,就像现在中国的商品房开发商一样,交给业主的只是毛坯房,装修工程得另外聘请装修工程师来完成.圣彼得大教堂主体工程完工后,贝尔尼尼又花了二十多年时间进行内外装饰.贝尔尼尼是巴洛克艺术风格的主要推动者,他所主持的装饰工程自然给教堂增添浓厚的巴洛克艺术色彩,使其显得更为奢华、壮丽.

　　由此可见,圣彼得教堂从兴建、到经历多次的扩建和改建、再到最后装饰完毕,总共经历了1300多年的历史,而这一个过程正好是基督教在罗马帝国发展壮大的过程,从这个意义上说,圣彼得教堂建筑史也就是基督教发展史的一部分.

圣彼得大教堂不愧为是一座伟大的艺术殿堂,是人类历史上不朽的建筑艺术瑰宝,由文艺复兴时代的建筑名师布拉曼特设计,由拉斐尔和米开朗琪罗主持工程,修建这座大教堂用了120年的时间,许多艺术家贡献了毕生的心血.

问题5：梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂为什么我看地图册上面,梵蒂冈圣彼得广场被一圈国界包围,难道他也是国家?

我去过圣彼得广场和大教堂.广场是开放的,游人随便进出,但是进教堂里面参观的话,我们都被要求出示护照,当然还得买门票.广场应该就是国境以内了,但是一般并不限制游客出入,只从进圣彼得教堂开始,才限制游客的活动,而且一般的游客只能参观圣彼得教堂里的展览品,圣彼得大教堂后面是梵蒂冈的政府办公区和各国的使领馆,是不允许一般的游客参观的.梵蒂冈周围都围着很高的城墙,对外开放的部分只有圣彼得广场和圣彼得大教堂.