Proposal范文？内容不限!a proposal for ANYTHING!

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两篇英文proposal.网址http://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/workbooks/proposal.samples.html

A Proposal to Research the Storage Facility

for Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca Mountain

Roger Bloom

October 1997

Introduction

Nuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.

Statement of Problem

On January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.

There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.

Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.

Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.

Objectives

I propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:

(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and

(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.

According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible.

After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].

Plan of Action

This section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research.

The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989].

A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995].

Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.

Management Plan

This section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience.

Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.

Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20.

I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.

Conclusion

More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.

References

Clark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).

Kerr, R., "New Way to Ask the Experts: Rating Radioactive Waste Risks," Science, vol.274, (November1996), pp. 913-914.

Murray, Raymond L., Understanding Nuclear Waste (Battelle Press, 1989).

Roush, W., "Can Nuclear Waste Keep Yucca Mountain Dry-and Safe?" Science, vol. 270, (December 1995), pp. 1761-1762.

Taubes, G., "Blowup at Yucca Mountain," Science, vol.268, (June 1995), pp. 1836-1839.

其他类似问题

问题1：英语论文的PROPOSAL怎么写啊[英语科目]

Procedure

The procedure or the methodology is the heart of the proposal because it must tell the reader how you propose to carry out your project.It must convince your advisor (or in industry your manager or potential client) that you clearly understand your task,have a logical time plan for solving your problems,and have identified all the resources you need.

If your proposal is for an IQP,you must take special care to explain HOW you plan to relate some aspect of science or technology to society.Note that "technology" need not be defined narrowly here:"technology" can mean the techniques used to manage or evaluate any resource efficiently,not just "nuts and bolts" hardware.But you must explain clearly how your procedure insures that the WPI IQP degree requirement will be satisfied by completing a project which defines,investigates,and reports on a topic relating science or technology to a social need or issue.In short,why is your topic an IQP?

Some of the other questions the reader will expect you to answer in this section are:

1.What are the tasks and sub-tasks identified to achieve your objectives?

2.What materials will you need to carry out your project:equipment?computer support?typing?graphics?others?

3.What data are needed for the project and how will they be collected?If the project requires a survey or interviews,the design of this instrument (especially the selection of participants) must be explained and justified.

4.What method or process will be used to analyze this data and where else (if anywhere) has this method or process been used?

5.What time frame do you think you will need to accomplish identified tasks or subtasks?Should schedules be presented in standard forms like PERT or Task Charts?(see Figures 1 and 2.)

6.If you are working on a team,which teammates will accomplish which sections?

7.What costs do you anticipate the project will incur -- in other words,your budget?(A Budget Summary Request Form must be submitted to the Interdisciplinary Studies Division Office as shown in Appendix 1 for IQP Proposals.A Budget summary for an MQP Proposal should be submitted to the individual department.)

问题2：谁有英文论文的proposal模板,给我一个吧[语文科目]

　　论文格式

　　1、论文格式的论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖.

　　2、论文格式的目录

　　目录是论文中主要段落的简表.（短篇论文不必列目录）

　　3、论文格式的内容提要：

　　是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整.字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜.

　　4、论文格式的关键词或主题词

　　关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇.关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索.每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方.

　　主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语.（参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》）.

　　5、论文格式的论文正文：

　　（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头.引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围.引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题.

　　〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论.主体部分包括以下内容：

　　a.提出问题-论点；

　　b.分析问题-论据和论证；

　　c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤；

　　d.结论.

　　6、论文格式的参考文献

　　一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾.参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行.

　　中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）

　　英文：作者--标题--出版物信息

　　所列参考文献的要求是：

　　（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证.

　　（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息.

　　按照上边的论文格式来写,可以使你的论文更加容易被读者了解,被编辑采纳.

　　论文格式模版

　　（天头留出25毫米空白）

　　分类号 密级

　　U C D___________ 编号1 0 4 8 6

　　（此处间隔20毫米） （以上四项用仿宋标4号）

　　武 汉 大 学

　　硕 士 学 位 论 文

　　（论文题目与上一行间隔为25毫米） （以上二行用宋体标2号字）

　　论 文 题 目

　　（题目用楷体标1号字）

　　研 究 生 姓 名：

　　指导教师姓名、职称：

　　学 科、专 业 名 称：

　　研 究 方 向：

　　（以上四项用宋体标4号字）

　　（此处间隔为25毫米）

　　二00八年四月 （黑体标3号字）

　　（地脚留出25毫米空白边缘）

　　分类号 密级

　　U C D 编号 1 0 4 8 6

　　武 汉 大 学

　　硕 士 学 位 论 文

　　大为

问题3：求BEC2写作中proposal的格式和范文![数学科目]

Proposal concerning on .(题目)

Introduction:（简介,主要陈述问题）

Findings:（分析现况,给出简明原因之类）

Recommendations:（重点是这个部分,建议书就是给建议的．所以这部分要多写点,写饱满）

Conclusion:（套话结尾）

建议你买本作文书,人民邮电出版的那本很好．大连理工的一本商务英语也很有含金量．

问题4：怎么写一篇英语作文,内容不限[英语科目]

A letter to Yao Ming

Dear Yao Ming

How are you doing?

I think you must be a bit surprised to get this letter.You don't know me but I know you.Oh,let me introduce myself to you now.I am an elementary school boy in Nanjing city,Jiangsu province,and I am also your fan.You cannot know I have collected lots of information about you.You are an excellent basketball athlete in China,even in the world.I remembered I could cry out "He is Mr.Yao Ming.He is a great elder brother of me.Congratulations to Mr.Yao.He is Yao from China",when I met you on TV every time.I've been missing you all the time.I know NBA is really a good place for a wonderful basketball player like you.You've made the right choice.

When you declare that you would leave basketball court a month ago,I really felt a little sad.But you are forever a brilliant basketball athlete and my great elder brother in my heart.Good wishes for you,I think everything of you must be runs well,whenever you are.Take good care of yourself and I do hope to see you win “each match” in the new field.

Yours

An Ying Lie Shou

August 24,2011

问题5：英语写信的格式,最好有范文,写给好久不见的朋友[英语科目]

如果是电脑email格式,【特别注意标点符号和格式】

由于email 已经有日期,所以一般都不写了.

Dear Tiffiany,

It's been a long time since I received your email.

Hope to hear from you as soon as possibile.

Yours,

Jack 【这个是写信人的署名】