英文小报 关于健康问题的

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一篇关于日本核电站辐射问题的报道：

Scientists lack complete answers on radiation risk

ShareretweetEmailPrint AP – Mother and daughter receive radiation exposure scanning in Fukushima, northern Japan Friday, March 18, … By The Associated Press The Associated Press – Fri Mar 18, 6:21 pm ET

Thyroid cancer for sure. Leukemia, probably. Too much radiation can raise the risk of developing cancer years down the road, scientists agree, and the young are most vulnerable. But just how much or how long an exposure is risky is not clear.

Those are among the unknowns scientists are contemplating as the crisis unfolds at Japan's stricken nuclear power plant.

In Japan, the Science Ministry said radiation levels about 19 miles northwest of the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant rose at one point Friday to 0.15 millisieverts per hour, about the amount absorbed in a chest X-ray. But levels have been fluctuating, and radiation at most sites that distance from the facility have been far below that.

Long term, it is clear radiation can induce cancer. But researchers can't just count cancer cases after a disaster and declare radiation responsible. Rates before and after must be compared to know if more cases occurred than would be expected.

That is why, 25 years after the Chernobyl accident, there is still controversy over its effects beyond the undisputed 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer. Of these cases, only 15 had proved fatal as of 2005, even though the Soviets were slow to treat victims of the catastrophe.

The records necessary to spot trends in other types of cancer as a result of Chernobyl are poor, said Dr. Fred Mettler, a University of New Mexico scientist who led a United Nations-sponsored team investigating Chernobyl's health effects.

"At the end of the day, the scientific data isn't there. My instinct is, there probably is an increase there, but it's too small to see," he said.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says that no amount of radiation is absolutely safe above the 3 to 6 millisieverts a year that most of us get from normal living. In contrast, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission says that low doses — less than 100 millisieverts spread out over years — are not harmful. Researchers have not documented danger from such low levels, said Kelly Classic, a radiation physicist at the Mayo Clinic and a spokeswoman for the Health Physics Society, an organization of radiation safety specialists.

High doses — over 500 millisieverts — can raise the risk of leukemia, breast, bladder, colon, liver, lung, esophageal, ovarian and stomach cancers, and the blood cancer multiple myeloma, government scientists say.

In between the high and lower levels, the picture is murky. Much depends on the type of radiation people are exposed to, how old they are, and how well each person's body repairs any DNA damage the radiation may cause.

"There's no linear relationship to say if you got this amount, it would cause a certain percent of cancer down the road," said Dr. Clifford Chao, chief of cancer radiation at New York-Presbyterian Hospital.

Children are the ones at risk for radiation's most obviously related cancer — thyroid. Radioactive iodine collects in the thyroid gland in the neck. Potassium iodide pills can block its absorption and minimize harm, but they must be given within 12 hours of exposure to do much good.

When Chernobyl exploded, health workers "had millions of square kilometers to cover and it was all rural areas and they didn't really have anything stockpiled," Mettler said. Children also drank milk from cows that grazed on contaminated grass for weeks after the disaster, compounding their exposure and risk. More than 6,000 thyroid cancers have been documented in people who were children in the Ukraine, Belarus and Russia when the disaster occurred. But In Poland, where the antidote pills were given out, there were no higher rates of thyroid cancer.

Properly treated, thyroid "is one of the least deadly cancers," the American Cancer Society says. And low levels of radioactive iodine exposure have not been shown to increase thyroid cancer risk in studies of fallout from nuclear weapons testing in the western United States during the 1950s, the society says.

Studies of atomic bomb survivors have found higher rates of cancer. But those disasters involved different radioactive elements than the type emitted from the Japanese nuclear plant so far.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer also commissioned a study of more than 400,000 nuclear industry workers in 15 countries to estimate cancer risk following protracted low doses of radiation. The 2007 study found a dose-related higher risk of cancer death, but questions have been raised about its methods.

The results also were driven largely by higher rates in Canada; once that country's results were excluded, no increase is seen, Mettler said. There have been questions about the data from Canada, Mettler said. Also, the authors of the study say they need to do more work to assess how smoking and other factors affected their estimates.

So for now, the clearest information on cancer risk from a nuclear plant accident may come from Chernobyl. That disaster exposed 5 million people in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine to large amounts of radioactive material for 10 days, according to the 2008 report that Mettler helped write for the United Nations' Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, which represents 22 nations on nuclear safety.

Exposure to cesium was a big concern because it affects the whole body, not just the thyroid gland. And exposure among cleanup workers and emergency responders ranged as high as a few hundred millisieverts over the following few years. Evidence suggests a higher rate of leukemia in these workers, "but it's not certain," Mettler said.

Research is continuing in that group, and longer follow-up should establish that more clearly, he said.

"Leukemia increases have not been seen in the children" who are now adults, he said. Nor have increases in breast, lung, stomach or other cancers been documented, though this population became very mobile after Chernobyl and the breakup of the Soviet Union, so the true rates are hard to establish, and rates before the accident in some cases are unknown, Mettler said.

As bad as Chernobyl was, the average radiation dose over 20 years to people who live in contaminated areas was "relatively low" — 9 millisieverts, nearly the equivalent of a CT scan — once the short-term doses to the thyroid were subtracted, the UN report said. That means there should not be "substantial health effects in the general population that could be attributed to radiation," the report concludes.

The NRC has said that typical annual background exposure to radiation shaves 18 days off the expected lifespan. Working in a nuclear plant under ordinary conditions — not in a crisis like the one unfolding in Japan — shortens life expectancy by 51 days. By comparison, being 15 percent overweight cuts two years; smoking a pack of cigarettes a day costs six years of life.

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其他类似问题

问题1：英语翻译[数学科目]

Healthy tabloid

问题2：“健康小报”用英语怎么说[英语科目]

healthy newspaper

问题3：如题.好的300分就是小报的题目，不要一大堆内容的，最好能稍微贴近一下中学生生活。不要叫什么健康小报。有没有稍微新颖一点的啊，这是要评比de[政治科目]

革命的本钱

问题4：关于健康的小报我要做成PPT,希望能找些关于肥胖、饮食习惯引起的疾病等

卫生健康小报

个人卫生专栏：

来到健康卫生王国,必定要注意个人卫生.《弟子规》也有说：“ 晨必盥,兼漱口,便溺回,辄净手.”大家都认识“臭鼻屎”吧!你们都讨厌她,为何?就应为她个人卫生做得不好咯!看!个人卫生如此重要啊!转入主题吧!1、早晨就要立刻刷牙、洗脸.2、去完厕所记得洗手.3、千万不要扣鼻子,不然你就变“臭鼻屎”了.4、有鼻涕一定要及时抹掉,不然你就变成“鼻涕虫”了

健康专栏：

我是健康卫生王国里的医生,你们的健康非常重要,如果你不健康就会若不禁风,吃不到自己想吃的东西,做不到自己想做的事情,所以健康是非常重要的.在这里我会教你们一些关于健康的知识.

1、多睡午觉.2、多喝水.3、少吃零食.4、早睡早起.5、有什么病痛就立刻看医生.6、尽量少去多人地方,以免感染传染病.7、多做运动、常锻炼.

如果你做到这几点,那你一定是一个很健康的人.

什么时候你应该洗手呢?

1、 饭前饭后.

2、 便前便后.

3、 吃药之前.

4、 接触过血液、泪液、鼻涕、痰液和口水之后.

5、 做完扫除工作之后.

6、 接触钱币之后.

7、 接触别人之后.

8、 在室外玩耍粘染了脏东西.

9、 户外运动、作业、购物之后.

你做到以上几点了吗?

洗手方法

1、 首先用流动的温水冲洗手部,应使手腕、手掌和手指充分湿.

2、 用香皂均匀地涂抹手掌和手背,并两手互相揉搓,要特别注意清洗指尖和指甲缝.

3、 再用清水冲洗,冲洗是把手尖向下,双手下垂,让手把香皂泡沫顺手指冲下.

4、 每次洗手时要重复两遍.

5、 整个洗手时间不应少于30秒.

6、 洗完手后要用干净的个人专用毛巾或一次性消毒纸巾抹干双手,并勤换毛巾.

健康卫生王国故事连载：

在健康卫生王国里,每年都会举行一次运动会.今年的焦点就在小明身上.因为他在健康卫生王国里面是最健康的一位.而冷门就是小东,因为他是最瘦弱的一位.

运动会越来越接近健康卫生王国了.小东不断锻炼身体,而小明却在不断吃零食,锻炼一下也不锻炼.现在小东越来越健壮,而小明就越来越胖,越来越懒散.

终于到了运动会的日子了.

首先是赛跑.一开始,小东很快就跑到点终了.小明因为太肥了而跑不动.

然后是跳远.小东一跳就是两米多,小明怎么跳也只是一米七多,因为他太肥了.

最后……

运动结束了,小东爆冷门第一名,而小明就是最后一名.

问题5：健康小报的内容

可以写写怎样保护健康,健康的概念,以及不保护健康的可怕后果.如果是电子小报的话,建议做六页,最后一页可以在网上搜搜有关健康的笑话.图片尽量要和主题相扣.